Kev ruaj ntseg tsis yog ib qho kev xaiv lawm, tab sis yog ib chav kawm uas yuav tsum muaj rau txhua tus kws siv thev naus laus zis hauv Is Taws Nem. HTTP, HTTPS, SSL, TLS - Koj puas nkag siab tiag tiag txog qhov xwm txheej tom qab? Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav piav qhia txog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txuas lus niaj hnub no hauv txoj kev yooj yim thiab kev tshaj lij, thiab pab koj nkag siab txog cov lus zais "tom qab lub xauv" nrog daim duab qhia kev ntws.
Vim li cas HTTP thiaj "tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb"? --- Kev Taw Qhia
Koj puas nco qab cov lus ceeb toom ntawm browser uas koj paub zoo?
Koj qhov kev sib txuas tsis yog ntiag tug.
Thaum lub vas sab tsis siv HTTPS, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus neeg siv yuav raug xa mus rau thoob plaws hauv lub network ua cov ntawv nyeem yooj yim. Koj cov password nkag mus, tus lej daim npav rho nyiaj, thiab txawm tias cov kev sib tham ntiag tug tuaj yeem raug ntes los ntawm tus neeg nyiag khoom uas muaj peev xwm zoo. Qhov ua rau qhov no yog HTTP tsis muaj kev encryption.
Yog li ntawd, HTTPS, thiab "tus neeg saib xyuas lub rooj vag" tom qab nws, TLS, ua li cas thiaj tso cai rau cov ntaub ntawv mus ncig ua si hauv Is Taws Nem kom muaj kev nyab xeeb? Cia peb rhuav nws ua tej txheej dhau ib txheej.
HTTPS = HTTP + TLS/SSL --- Cov Qauv thiab Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb
1. HTTPS yog dab tsi tiag?
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) = HTTP + Txheej Encryption (TLS/SSL)
○ HTTP: Qhov no yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev xa cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis cov ntsiab lus pom tau hauv cov ntawv nyeem yooj yim
○ TLS/SSL: Muab ib qho "xauv rau kev encryption" rau kev sib txuas lus HTTP, tig cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv ib qho kev sib tw uas tsuas yog tus xa thiab tus txais raug cai thiaj li daws tau.
Daim Duab 1: Kev ntws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv HTTP vs HTTPS.
"Xauv" nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob ntawm browser yog tus chij kev ruaj ntseg TLS/SSL.
2. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm TLS thiab SSL yog dab tsi?
○ SSL (Secure Sockets Layer): Tus txheej txheem cryptographic thaum ub, uas tau pom tias muaj qhov tsis zoo loj heev.
○ TLS (Kev Ruaj Ntseg Txheej Thauj Mus Los): Tus ua tiav rau SSL, TLS 1.2 thiab TLS 1.3 uas siab dua, uas muaj kev txhim kho zoo heev hauv kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ua tau zoo.
Niaj hnub no, "daim ntawv pov thawj SSL" tsuas yog kev siv ntawm TLS protocol, tsuas yog hu ua extensions.
Nkag mus tob rau hauv TLS: Lub Cryptographic Magic Tom Qab HTTPS
1. Kev sib tuav tes tau daws tag nrho
Lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib txuas lus ruaj ntseg ntawm TLS yog kev sib tuav tes thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa. Cia peb rhuav tshem cov txheej txheem kev sib tuav tes TLS:
Daim Duab 2: Ib qho kev sib koom tes TLS ib txwm muaj.
1️⃣ Kev Teeb tsa Kev Sib Txuas TCP
Ib tug neeg siv khoom (piv txwv li, ib tug browser) pib ib qho kev sib txuas TCP rau lub server (qhov chaw nres nkoj txheem 443).
2️⃣ TLS Kev Sib Tuav Tes Theem
○ Nyob Zoo Rau Cov Neeg Siv Khoom: Tus browser xa cov TLS version, cipher, thiab tus lej random uas txhawb nqa nrog rau Server Name Indication (SNI), uas qhia rau lub server tias nws xav nkag mus rau lub npe hostname twg (ua kom sib koom IP thoob plaws ntau lub xaib).
○ Server Nyob Zoo & Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Teeb Meem: Tus server xaiv qhov TLS version thiab cipher tsim nyog, thiab xa rov qab nws daim ntawv pov thawj (nrog rau tus yuam sij pej xeem) thiab cov lej random.
○ Kev lees paub daim ntawv pov thawj: Tus browser txheeb xyuas cov saw hlau ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj server mus txog rau lub hauv paus CA uas ntseeg siab kom ntseeg tau tias nws tsis tau raug dag.
○ Kev tsim tus yuam sij Premaster: Tus browser tsim tus yuam sij premaster, encrypts nws nrog tus yuam sij pej xeem ntawm lub server, thiab xa mus rau lub server. Ob tog sib tham txog tus yuam sij sib tham: Siv ob tog cov lej random thiab tus yuam sij premaster, tus neeg siv khoom thiab lub server xam tib tus yuam sij sib tham encryption.
○ Kev sib tuav tes ua tiav: Ob tog xa cov lus "Ua tiav lawm" rau ib leeg thiab nkag mus rau theem xa cov ntaub ntawv encrypted.
3️⃣ Kev Hloov Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ruaj Ntseg
Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv kev pabcuam raug encrypted symmetrically nrog tus yuam sij sib tham tau zoo, txawm tias raug cuam tshuam hauv nruab nrab, nws tsuas yog ib pawg ntawm "garbled code".
4️⃣ Rov Siv Dua Kev Sib Tham
TLS txhawb nqa Session dua, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua tau zoo heev los ntawm kev tso cai rau tib tus neeg siv khoom hla kev sib tuav tes tsis zoo.
Kev siv asymmetric encryption (xws li RSA) muaj kev ruaj ntseg tab sis qeeb. Kev siv symmetric encryption ceev tab sis kev faib cov yuam sij nyuaj heev. TLS siv txoj kev "ob kauj ruam" - ua ntej yog kev sib pauv yuam sij ruaj ntseg asymmetric thiab tom qab ntawd yog txoj kev symmetric los encrypt cov ntaub ntawv kom zoo.
2. Kev hloov pauv ntawm algorithm thiab kev txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg
RSA thiab Diffie-Hellman
○ RSA
Thawj zaug nws tau siv dav thaum lub sijhawm TLS sib tuav tes los faib cov yuam sij sib tham kom ruaj ntseg. Tus neeg siv khoom tsim ib qho yuam sij sib tham, encrypts nws nrog lub server tus yuam sij pej xeem, thiab xa nws kom tsuas yog lub server thiaj li decrypt tau nws.
○ Diffie-Hellman (DH/ECDH)
Txij li TLS 1.3, RSA tsis siv rau kev sib pauv tus yuam sij lawm thiab siv cov algorithms DH/ECDH uas muaj kev ruaj ntseg dua uas txhawb nqa kev zais cia (PFS). Txawm tias tus yuam sij ntiag tug raug xau, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem tsis tuaj yeem qhib tau.
| TLS version | Algorithm pauv tseem ceeb | Kev Ruaj Ntseg |
| TLS 1.2 | RSA/DH/ECDH | Siab dua |
| TLS 1.3 | tsuas yog rau DH / ECDH | Siab dua |
Cov Lus Qhia Tseem Ceeb uas Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Hauv Networking Yuav Tsum Paub
○ Hloov kho dua tshiab rau TLS 1.3 kom tau txais kev encryption sai dua thiab ruaj ntseg dua.
○ Qhib cov ciphers muaj zog (AES-GCM, ChaCha20, thiab lwm yam) thiab kaw cov algorithms tsis muaj zog thiab cov protocols tsis ruaj ntseg (SSLv3, TLS 1.0);
○ Teeb tsa HSTS, OCSP Stapling, thiab lwm yam kom txhim kho kev tiv thaiv HTTPS tag nrho;
○ Hloov kho thiab tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv pov thawj tas li kom ntseeg tau tias daim ntawv pov thawj siv tau thiab muaj kev ncaj ncees.
Xaus Lus & Cov Kev Xav: Koj lub lag luam puas ruaj ntseg tiag?
Txij li ntawm cov ntaub ntawv HTTP uas yooj yim nkag mus rau HTTPS uas tau encrypted tag nrho, cov kev cai ruaj ntseg tau hloov zuj zus tom qab txhua qhov kev hloov kho protocol. Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib txuas lus encrypted hauv cov tes hauj lwm niaj hnub no, TLS pheej txhim kho nws tus kheej kom daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tawm tsam uas nyuaj zuj zus.
Koj lub lag luam puas twb siv HTTPS lawm? Koj qhov kev teeb tsa crypto puas sib haum nrog cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam?
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Xya Hli-22-2025
