Kev ruaj ntseg tsis yog ib qho kev xaiv lawm, tab sis yuav tsum muaj chav kawm rau txhua tus kws kho mob hauv Internet. HTTP, HTTPS, SSL, TLS - Koj puas to taub tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim tom qab? Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav piav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem kev sib txuas lus niaj hnub encrypted nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauv kev thiab kev tshaj lij, thiab pab koj nkag siab txog cov lus zais "tom qab lub xauv" nrog daim ntawv qhia kev pom.
Vim li cas HTTP "tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb"? --- Taw qhia
Nco ntsoov qhov kev ceeb toom browser uas paub?
"Koj qhov kev sib txuas tsis yog ntiag tug."
Thaum lub vev xaib tsis xa HTTPS, tag nrho cov neeg siv cov ntaub ntawv tau taug kev hla lub network hauv cov ntawv dawb. Koj tus password nkag mus, tus lej npav hauv txhab nyiaj, thiab txawm tias kev sib tham ntiag tug tuaj yeem raug ntes los ntawm tus neeg nyiag khoom zoo. Lub hauv paus ua rau qhov no yog HTTP qhov tsis muaj encryption.
Yog li cas HTTPS, thiab "tus neeg saib xyuas" tom qab nws, TLS, tso cai cov ntaub ntawv taug kev nyab xeeb hauv Is Taws Nem li cas? Cia peb tawg nws los ntawm txheej.
HTTPS = HTTP + TLS/SSL --- Cov qauv thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb
1. HTTPS yog dab tsi?
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) = HTTP + txheej encryption (TLS/SSL)
○ HTTP: Qhov no yog lub luag haujlwm thauj cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis cov ntsiab lus pom hauv cov ntawv dawb
○ TLS/SSL: Muab "xauv ntawm encryption" rau HTTP kev sib txuas lus, tig cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv ib qho kev sib tw uas tsuas yog tus xa thiab txais raug cai tuaj yeem daws tau.
Daim duab 1: HTTP vs HTTPS cov ntaub ntawv ntws.
"Xauv" hauv qhov browser chaw nyob bar yog TLS / SSL tus chij kev ruaj ntseg.
2. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm TLS thiab SSL yog dab tsi?
○ SSL (Secure Sockets Layer): Cov txheej txheem cryptographic ntxov tshaj plaws, uas tau pom tias muaj qhov tsis zoo.
○ TLS (Transport Layer Security): Tus ua tiav rau SSL, TLS 1.2 thiab ntau dua TLS 1.3, uas muaj kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ua haujlwm.
Niaj hnub no, "SSL daim ntawv pov thawj" tsuas yog kev siv ntawm TLS raws tu qauv, tsuas yog hu ua extensions.
Nkag mus rau hauv TLS: Cryptographic Magic Qab HTTPS
1. Handshake flow yog daws tag nrho
Lub hauv paus ntawm TLS kev sib txuas lus ruaj ntseg yog tuav tes seev cev thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa. Cia peb rhuav tshem tus qauv TLS tuav tes:
Daim duab 2: Ib qho kev sib tuav tes ntawm TLS.
1️⃣ TCP Kev Sib Txuas Teeb
Tus neeg siv khoom (xws li browser) pib qhov kev sib txuas TCP rau tus neeg rau zaub mov (tus qauv chaw nres nkoj 443).
2️⃣ TLS Handshake Phase
○ Client Nyob Zoo: Tus browser xa cov kev txhawb nqa TLS version, cipher, thiab random naj npawb nrog rau Server Name Indication (SNI), uas qhia rau tus neeg rau zaub mov uas hostname nws xav nkag (ua kom IP sib koom thoob plaws ntau qhov chaw).
○ Neeg rau zaub mov Nyob Zoo & Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Qhov Teeb Meem: Cov neeg rau zaub mov xaiv TLS cov qauv tsim nyog thiab tus lej cim, thiab xa rov qab nws daim ntawv pov thawj (nrog rau pej xeem tus yuam sij) thiab cov lej random.
○ Certificate validation: Lub browser tshawb xyuas cov neeg rau zaub mov daim ntawv pov thawj saw tag nrho txoj kev mus rau lub hauv paus ntseeg CA kom ntseeg tau tias nws tsis tau forged.
○ Premaster tseem ceeb tiam: Tus browser tsim tus yuam sij premaster, encrypts nws nrog tus neeg rau zaub mov pej xeem tus yuam sij, thiab xa mus rau server.Ob tog sib tham sib tham tus yuam sij: Siv ob tog random tus lej thiab tus yuam sij premaster, tus neeg siv khoom thiab tus neeg rau zaub mov suav tib qhov sib koom ua ke encryption yuam sij.
○ Handshake tiav: Ob tog xa cov lus "Tiav" rau ib leeg thiab nkag mus rau theem kev xa cov ntaub ntawv encrypted.
3️⃣ Kev Ruaj Ntseg Cov Ntaub Ntawv Hloov
Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv kev pabcuam yog symmetrically encrypted nrog kev sib tham sib tham qhov tseem ceeb zoo, txawm tias cuam tshuam hauv nruab nrab, nws tsuas yog ib pawg ntawm "garbled code".
4️⃣ Session Reuse
TLS txhawb Session dua, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev tso cai rau tib tus neeg siv los hla kev sib tuav tes.
Asymmetric encryption (xws li RSA) ruaj ntseg tab sis qeeb. Symmetric encryption yog ceev tab sis qhov tseem ceeb faib yog cumbersome. TLS siv lub tswv yim "ob-kauj ruam" thawj zaug asymmetric ruaj ntseg qhov sib pauv thiab tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem sib xyaw kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
2. Algorithm evolution thiab kev ruaj ntseg txhim kho
RSA thiab Diffie-Hellman
○ RSA
Nws yog thawj zaug siv dav hauv TLS tuav tes kom ruaj ntseg faib cov yuam sij kev sib tham. Tus neeg siv khoom tsim tus yuam sij kev sib tham, encrypts nws nrog tus neeg rau zaub mov tus yuam sij pej xeem, thiab xa nws kom tsuas yog tus neeg rau zaub mov tuaj yeem decrypt nws.
○ Diffie-Hellman (DH/ECDH)
Raws li ntawm TLS 1.3, RSA tsis tau siv rau kev sib pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev pom zoo ntawm DH / ECDH algorithms ruaj ntseg dua uas txhawb nqa kev zais cia (PFS). Txawm hais tias tus yuam sij ntiag tug tau xau, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem tsis tuaj yeem qhib.
| TLS version | yuam sij Exchange Algorithm | Kev ruaj ntseg |
| TSI 1.2 | RSA/DH/ECDH | Siab dua |
| TSI 1.3 | tsuas yog rau DH/ECDH | Siab dua |
Tswv yim tswv yim uas Networking Practitioners yuav tsum Master
○ Qhov tseem ceeb hloov kho rau TLS 1.3 kom ceev thiab ruaj ntseg encryption.
○ Ua kom muaj zog ciphers (AES-GCM, ChaCha20, thiab lwm yam) thiab lov tes taw tsis muaj zog algorithms thiab cov txheej txheem tsis ruaj ntseg (SSLv3, TLS 1.0);
○ Kho HSTS, OCSP Stapling, thiab lwm yam los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv HTTPS tag nrho;
○ Tsis tu ncua hloov tshiab thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv pov thawj cov saw hlau kom ntseeg tau tias siv tau thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov saw hlau ntseeg.
Xaus & Xav: Puas yog koj lub lag luam puas muaj kev nyab xeeb?
Los ntawm plaintext HTTP mus rau tag nrho encrypted HTTPS, kev ruaj ntseg yuav tsum tau hloov zuj zus tom qab txhua qhov kev hloov kho raws tu qauv. Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib txuas lus encrypted hauv cov tes hauj lwm niaj hnub no, TLS tab tom txhim kho nws tus kheej los tiv thaiv qhov chaw nres tsheb ntau zuj zus.
Koj lub lag luam puas tau siv HTTPS? Puas yog koj qhov kev teeb tsa crypto puas haum nrog kev lag luam zoo tshaj plaws?
Post lub sij hawm: Lub Xya hli ntuj-22-2025
